How do you say 1864 in french

France and the United States appear not to see eye to eye on issues of religious freedom. This gap in understanding widened dramatically in , when the US Congress and the Government of France both passed legislation on religious freedom that seemed to embrace opposite goals. The new law created a US Commission for International Religious Freedom and appointed an Ambassador-at-large to head an office on international religious freedom at the State Department.

In France on the very next day, by coincidence , the National Assembly recommended the creation of a governmental task-force, the Inter-Ministerial Mission against Sects MILS , to monitor so-called dangerous cults. In each case, the legislation was approved unanimously. Yet their different goals appeared to conflict. The two discussed their differences, but failed to reach a common understanding on the goals of the two laws.

The paradox is that both countries embrace religious freedom and respect the separation between church and state. Despite different religious histories, France and the United States have both long embraced religious freedom in their constitutional documents.

This principle was affirmed almost simultaneously in the two countries—in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and in the US Bill of Rights—in Both also embrace the separation of church and state. Separation in the United States dates to the First Amendment of the US Constitution, ratified in , and to a decision by the US Supreme Court that extended religious freedom and the disestablishment of religion to individual states.

Thus, like the United States, the French Republic neither recognizes nor subsidizes any religion Article 2 of the law , and it respects all beliefs Article II of the Constitution of Controversies that are still divisive today within American society, such as religious discussion in public schools after teaching hours and government subsidies to faith-based organizations, have never been weighty political issues in France. Since , the French government pays the salaries of teachers in private schools, most of which are religious, and gives subsidies directly to those schools.

Churches, temples and synagogues built in France before are the property of the state. National and municipal governments maintain these buildings, which are used free-of-charge by the clergy.

Religious feasts are official holidays in France. The government organizes religious funerals for victims of disasters and for French Presidents. These exceptions to a strict separation of church and state in France result in part from the enduring central role of the Catholic Church.

Sunday attendance at mass has dropped to about 10 percent of the population in France today, but 80 percent of French citizens are still nominally Roman Catholics. Catholicism was the exclusive state religion of France prior to , and one of the four official religions, together with Lutheranism, Reformism and Judaism later Islam in Algeria , recognized by the state under the Napoleonic Concordat up until The central role of Catholicism has in part dictated the nature of the relationship that the French state maintains with all religious organizations today.

The four other main religions in France have, like the Catholic church, been organized at the national level, and the French government is currently discussing with several Islamic groups to achieve a similar national representative body for Islam. If you have already achieved your EPQ at Grade A you will automatically be offered one grade lower in a non-mandatory A level subject.

If you are still studying for your EPQ you will receive the standard course offer, with a condition of one grade lower in a non-mandatory A level subject if you achieve an A grade in your EPQ. You may progress to a range of direct entry degrees in the arts and humanities.

The majority of language teaching you will experience on this degree will be led by native speakers. Class sizes vary depending on topic and type.

A weekly lecture on a core module may have students attending while a specialised seminar may only contain 10 students. Our staff know that studying complex subjects can sometimes seem challenging they've all been where you are! Demonstrating this we're proud to have won many Lord Dearing Awards across the two departments in the last five years.

These recognise outstanding student learning and are based on nominations from students and other academics. Following your year abroad your improved language skills and improved cultural understanding shall be assessed through a mix of presentations and written assignments.

A typical 20 credit module involves between three and four hours of lectures and seminars per week. You would ideally spend hours doing preparation work. Become 'workplace-ready' with our Work Placement and Employability programme tailor made for students in the School of Cultures, Languages and Area Studies.

It helps you develop skills and experience that allow you to stand out to potential employers. Our first-year core modules are designed as an introduction. This means that we will build everyone's knowledge to the same level, so you can progress through to year two.

Your core module is Learning History. This module will show you how to reflect on the nature of history as a discipline and develop skills required for the writing and debating of history by practising skills and exploring methodology. Welcome to French at the University of Nottingham — this is where your journey to fluency will really begin to take off!

Designed for students who have completed an A level or equivalent in the language, this module will support you to improve in all the key areas of language acquisition: reading, writing, listening and speaking. We'll support you to continue growing your language abilities, improving your speaking, comprehension and grammar usage through a wide range of source materials and lively classroom conversations. You'll also become more culturally aware of the countries that make up the Francophone world and get a better understanding of their varying current affairs and culture.

This is the starting point for your French Studies journey at Nottingham. These topics may include linguistics, politics, history, thought, literature, media, visual culture and cinema. This module aims to introduce you to the course of French history since the French Revolution through the study of a series of historical figures, including Olympe de Gouges, Toussaint Louverture, Napoleon Bonaparte, George Sand and Charles de Gaulle.

You will look at the way in which their 'stories' have been written and woven into the fabric of 'le roman de la nation', and how they have been appropriated to serve a range of different ends. It will also introduce you to the iconography of the French historical landscape.

This module is worth 10 credits. This module aims to introduce you to the comparative study of literature and culture, focusing in particular on how the city of Paris is represented in a range of texts poetic, narrative and filmic in the modern period post You will learn reading techniques adapted to different genres and media, and representations of the city will be considered within their broader social, historical and political context.

On this module, you will focus on a selection of themes that explore the distinctive social and political landscape of contemporary France: French political institutions, with particular emphasis on the presidency; political parties in France; and immigration and questions of identity.

A close analysis of these themes will provide you with a general understanding of contemporary French society and institutions. In more specific terms, you will begin to explore the ways in which France is faced with the challenge of adapting its republican traditions to a changing world. Welcome to French at the University of Nottingham — this is where your journey to fluency shall begin!

Designed for students who have little or no prior knowledge of the language, this intensive study module will support you to develop in all the key areas of language acquisition: reading, writing, listening, speaking and grammatical competence. We'll use a set text book, but to keep the classes engaging and interesting, we'll also use a variety of contemporary texts which may include literature, newspapers, websites and audio recordings. You'll also become more culturally aware of the countries that make up the French-speaking world and get a better understanding of their varying current affairs and culture.

This module is designed as an introduction to some of the main skills required to study literature by looking at landmark French texts novels and films in English translation. By choosing texts with varied thematic and formal features the module will give an insight into the range of themes and issues which have preoccupied writers in France, as well as the fictional forms they have used to explore these themes.

The module will raise your awareness of a range of literary styles and techniques and the ways in which these may influence the reader. This module is for students taking French 1 Beginners only. This module aims to bridge the transition from school to university study, preparing you for more advanced work in your second year.

We explore the major forces which were instrumental in shaping the politics, society and culture in Europe, considering the last currents in historical research. Through a series of thematically linked lectures and seminars, you will be introduced to key factors determining changes in the European experience, as well as important continuities linking the period as a whole. We analyse the religious, political, demographic, social and cultural history of this dynamic period.

We explore the themes of imperialism, nationalism, political economy and democracy to build a broad understanding of some key elements in the making of modern Asia. We then focus on some local contexts, so for example, after covering imperialism, we take a closer look at Japanese imperialism in Korea, British colonialism in Burma, etc.

On political economy, we compare and contrast Taiwan and China to illustrate the different trajectories of market, plan and command rational economies relatively speaking.

You will be able to select from an array of optional modules covering an extremely wide chronological and geographical range. This module will build on the French language and cultural skills you developed in year one and get you started on your exciting journey towards degree-level French. We're going to take your language skills to the next level and by the end of this module you'll be ready to spend time living in a French-speaking country.

We'll push you to improve your confidence in reading comprehension, listening comprehension and oral skills. In addition to this you'll get the opportunity to develop your French writing skills through a variety of tasks such as creative writing, summary writing and even resume writing.

You'll also practice translation activities, allowing you to prepare for being immersed into the language next year. We'll keep your studies interesting and relevant by using a variety of contemporary texts including journalistic articles and audio-visual clips. This module will build on the language and cultural skills developed in last year's beginners' classes. Over the year we'll take you to the next level so that by the end of the module you'll be ready to spend time living in a French-speaking country.

We'll further develop your reading, listening, summary, translation and communication skills, building your confidence so that you feel happy working or studying abroad during year three.

The module is designed to introduce you to this particular period of French cinema by offering a detailed study of the New Wave of the late s and early s, focusing in particular on the films of Godard, Truffaut, Resnais and Chabrol. As the module will show, New Wave film-makers often employed a variety of new and challenging formal techniques in order to make films that reflected an emergent, modern, iconoclastic sensibility in post-war France.

For these reasons, the module combines a contextual approach with introductory teaching in film analysis. This module provides an introduction to short narrative in the nineteenth century. It invites students to consider how texts combine literary craftsmanship with an effort to represent, understand and engage with the political, cultural and physical world beyond the page.

The module takes in a range of different short narrative genres and themes:. Through these texts, you will also be introduced to a range of reading techniques and critical theory relating to each of these textual forms, whilst exploring the ever-changing landscape of a nation shaken by ongoing revolution and social change.

This module provides an introduction to three major figures in modern French poetry Baudelaire, Rimbaud and Apollinaire , and to the major formal developments in poetry in the period , including the prose poem and free verse.

Students will learn to analyse, interpret and write commentaries on poetry, and individual poems will be considered in relation to broad themes such as the representations of self, and notions of modernism. This module offers students an opportunity to explore actual cultural, economic and social differences within modern France through its representations in contemporary filmmaking.

Beyond narrative themes, students will gain an understanding of how filmmakers engage the formal resources of cinema, both fiction and documentary, to capture the specificities of diverse spaces and places and to invite reflection on larger questions of identity and community, nation and citizenship, mobility and belonging. This module provides you with an introduction to the rich field of study known as sociolinguistics, which investigates the relationship between language and society through an exploration of the social contexts of language use.

Whether it deals with the discoveries of new worlds or the confrontation with new technologies, science fiction as a genre expresses the anxieties and hopes specific to the contemporary era. Science fiction is political in that it deals with questions of power, ecology and science. It is also philosophical, since it calls into question boundaries between cultures, times, genres and species.

Drawing on these political and philosophical dimensions, the module will look in particular at how science fiction explores the ways in which identity is constructed and reconfigured by material and technological forces. This module looks at various ways in which French writers have engaged with the political struggles of their time. To answer this let us take you back to a time pre-internet, pre-television, pre-photography to when historical art was a key communication tool for any society.

It is these historical ideologies that laid the foundation for contemporary French society and your understanding of this will help you form a more thorough and nuanced appreciation of contemporary France and the Francophone world. Hear Dr Paul Smith give a brief overview of this module. Alongside an investigation of how literature developed during this era, you will consider key questions that thinkers and writers grappled with:. It focuses on the way in which the films present characters in a social context.

The module looks at the ways in which these characters are subject to economic forces, interact with institutions, and function as members of social groups. The films are analysed from a formal perspective, considering the ways in which they all draw on the resources of cinematic realism in order to provide a representation of contemporary life that is both compelling and challenging for viewers. This module explores contemporary art and media production in France and beyond, looking at how recent French art and ideas feature in and contribute to a cultural world-system.

We will be looking at pioneering artworks from the late 20th century and the 21st century, examining work in film, visual art of many genres, photography, music and also media technology. Beginning with key foundational artists from the s and s, we move on to consider works across artistic media, mostly from the 21st century, and this will form the principal course content. We will be looking at the work of individual artists in detail, both for the value of the work, but also to explore how contemporary cultural production reflects and reacts to the world in which it is made.

Visual art is particularly useful in this context as it necessarily contains a reflective element, and this is often critical of existing situations.

We will also incorporate key readings by theorists who have reflected on the themes, media, technology and politics of both art and culture in the broader sense. Because silent cinema was easy to translate and export from one country to another, it was highly transnational, and the module will enable you to see how filmmakers in different countries entered into dialogue with one another. You will be able to compare and contrast the themes and preoccupations of films produced in these countries, and consider how these reflected distinct political and cultural agendas.

We will then go on to consider a range of films made during the silent era, which represent two main tendencies:.

You will be introduced to the fundamentals of film language and will be encouraged to engage in close analysis of short extracts from the films. This module covers the history of China from the s, through to the establishment of the People's Republic in It looks at social, cultural, political and economic developments in this period from a variety of angles and approaches. The module focuses in particular on the ways in which Chinese society responded to the arrival of 'modernity' in the form of the Western powers and Japan throughout the period in question, but also how different groups in China tried to remould or redefine China as a 'modern' nation-state and society.

This module aims to encourage students to develop a detailed understanding of the major political, social and economic developments in Central Europe between and They should become aware of the main historiographical debates concerning the region and the Habsburg Monarchy in particular. As a result of their historical studies and analytical thinking, students should enhance and develop a range of intellectual and transferable skills.

Discover British foreign policy, from the last years of the Victorian Era to the German invasion of Poland in We focus on the policy of British governments, giving an historical analysis of the main developments in their relationship with the wider world.

This includes:. We also discuss the wider background factors which influenced British policy, touching on Imperial defence, financial limitations and the influence of public opinion. Key issues include:. The module introduces students to the cultural historiography on how urban modernity transformed everyday life in British and European cities covering the period In particular, it focuses on a range of new spaces, objects, images and discursive representations through which people tried to come to terms with rapid processes of social change.

These provide a number of thematic approaches that will build into a composite picture of how experience was reshaped during this period.

Topics may include:. We investigate late medieval kingship, the dynamics of politics and power, and the reasons why royal authority was challenged. You will examine the history of late-medieval England, from the mid th to late th century, when a series of political crises rocked the English monarchy. We focus on the political events of the period, especially the times of crisis when the monarchy faced opposition or even usurpation.

The module explores the key themes of ideology and identity; the concept of formal and informal empires and the causes and consequences of historical change. The module mixes intellectual, cultural and social history to produce an overview of cultural trends in Britain between c. Key themes include:. You will look at Russia both from the top down state-building strategies; leadership and regime change; economic and social policy formulation and implementation and from the bottom up societal developments and the changing structures and practices of everyday life.

You will usually spend three hours in lectures and seminars each week. We focus in particular on the cases of Italy and Germany and also look at other cases for comparison i. Spain, Britain, France, and Romania. This in order to understand why certain movements were more popular than others and able to seize power. This module explores the nature of the Venetian Republic in the later fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

It examines the constitution, and administrative and judicial system, its imperial and military organisation, but will above all focus on the city and its inhabitants. The module will examine the enormous cultural dynamism of the city especially the visual arts from the Bellini to Tintoretto and Veronese , changing urban fabric, the role of ritual and ceremony, the position of the Church, and class and gender.

In the s and s, momentous economic changes swept through traditional industrial regions across the West, turning proud heartlands into rustbelts in less than a generation. As the lights went out in shipyards, steelworks, coal mines and manufacturing plants, a way of life was destroyed for millions of manual workers and their families, with profound repercussions on identities, communities and urban topographies. This module examines the social and cultural impact of de-industrialisation in the north of England, the German Ruhr basin, and the American Midwest, using a wealth of diverse primary sources, from government records to popular music, to tease out what it meant to live through a period of tumultuous socio-economic change.

The module takes thematic approaches, exploring topics including:. The purpose of this module is to examine current debates in the historiography about the end of the European empires in African and the emergence of a new political system of independent states. Topics which will feature particularly strongly are. All students will take the same core language module and choose from a range of optional modules.

You will develop your command of French to a high level and use it in increasingly sophisticated contexts. You will also study optional modules drawn from the areas of: literature, culture and society, history, visual culture and linguistics. One of your options in French will be to write a dissertation. You will select a special subject which involves in-depth study of a particular topic taught in seminars and one optional module. In addition, you can take specialist modules based on the research we are currently doing both in History and in French.

Although French and History are taught separately you may choose a uniting theme for your final year dissertation. Following your time spent living in a French-speaking country this advanced module will be your final step towards fluency. We'll help you continue to improve your oral and written skills using a wide variety of texts.

Your grammar expertise and vocabulary shall be deepened through the production of linguistic commentary and summaries. In addition, we'll help you develop translation skills.

Your French writing skills will improve immeasurably as we translate into and out of French creative writing in different registers. On this module we will look at the changing relationship between individuals and society in a French context. Key sociological concepts relating to the social construction of the individual are explored in order to analyse fiction and non-fiction texts that deal with work and social organisation in contemporary France. This module will study the different ways travel has been used and represented in contemporary French and Francophone texts, arts and films.

From tourism to exploration, from exile to migration, from pilgrimage to business travel, we will question the tacit ideologies found in contemporary travel discourses. We will study more specifically how contemporary discourses of travel have been, or not, adapting themselves to a post-colonial awareness and how it has enabled travellers to represent travel differently.

The importance of this field has been steadily growing in between disciplines that range from literary studies to ethnography. The module will use these cross-cultural influences to create an arena in which to develop connections between key disciplines and different forms of arts literature, ethnography, films and photography. This module focuses on the theory and practice of two modes of audio-visual translation: subtitling and dubbing.

The linguistic, technical, and cultural theoretical underpinnings of subtitling and dubbing from French into English will be examined in detail, and students will be able to put the theory into practice using professional dedicated software.

In this module students learn to devise and develop projects and teaching methods appropriate to engage the age and ability group they are working with. The module enables students to gain confidence in communicating their subject, develop strong organisational and interpersonal skills, and to understand how to address the needs of individuals.

You'll examine the range of social, political and philosophical questions raised by mass immigration to France in the post-war period. These questions will be tackled through historical analysis of patterns of migration and changing immigration policies, as well as through the study of relevant films, novels and theoretical texts which engage with questions of citizenship, identity and ethnicity. This module is designed to introduce you to the study of various forms of artistic work in relation to the political and social background of the French Revolutionary decade - A variety of works will be studied theatre, opera, song, iconography, painting in order to consider the reflection of contemporary events, the notion of politically engaged arts, and questions of cultural administration theatrical repertory, representation, censorship and privilege.

We conclude with de Gaulle's apparent act of 'political suicide' in In the early 20th century, Russia embarked on one of the most momentous experiments in history — to transform not only global political structures and social relations, but human nature itself. Fundamental to the revolutionary project was the creation of a new culture, which would construct and promote new visions of the desired present and ideal future. Through culture, individuals would learn to think of themselves, their relations with others, and their relations with the world in new ways.

Through grappling with these sources, you will discover new ways of understanding how culture and politics interact and shape one another. This module is aimed at anyone interested in modern Russian history, in the significance of culture in political change, and the role of politics in constructing culture.

This module examines the history of travel to and within Italy in accounts written by British travellers in the period c. This module surveys and analyses political, religious, social, cultural and military changes during the civil wars fought across the British Isles and the British Atlantic between and The major topics to be explored include:.

This module surveys the dramatic cultural encounter in the nineteenth century as the world of the samurai was confronted by Western expansion and the Age of Steam. Original documents examined in class draw on the growing range of Japanese primary sources available in English translation, together with the extensive works of Victorian diplomats, newspaper correspondents and other foreign residents in the treaty ports. You will have four hours of lectures and seminars each week for this module.

The English church made great efforts in this period to consolidate Christianity amongst the masses through wide-reaching programmes of instruction, regulation and devotion. However, historians disagree as to how successful the church was in its efforts.

It asks how people responded and the degree to which they fashioned their own religious practices and beliefs. It looks at the condemned teachings of the Oxford academic John Wycliffe and the significance of those who followed his ideas, known as Lollards.

In the Black Death arrived in England. By the disease had killed half of the English population. The module concentrates upon the stories of the epidemics' survivors and what they did to adapt to a world turned upside down by plague. Allen and Elizabeth E. New York, , p. Bettina Polak. The Hague, , pp. Ragnar von Holten. L'art fantastique de Gustave Moreau.

Dore Ashton. New York, , pp. Charles Sterling and Margaretta M. Jean Paladilhe. Philippe Jullian. Dreamers of Decadence: Symbolist Painters of the s. Henri Dorra. Julius Kaplan. Los Angeles, , pp. Pierre-Louis Mathieu. Gustave Moreau: With a catalogue of finished paintings, watercolors and drawings. Boston, , pp. Peter Hahlbrock. Gustave Moreau oder Das Unbehagen in der Natur. Berlin, , pp. Hans H. Gustave Moreau: Leben und Werk.

Monique Halm-Tisserant. Reinhold Heller. Chicago, , p. PhD diss. Ann Arbor, , pp. Roy McMullen. Degas: His Life, Times, and Work. Boston, , p. Toni Stooss and Pierre-Louis Mathieu. Toni Stooss in Gustave Moreau: Symboliste.

Gustave Moreau: Symboliste. VIII, states that Moreau began working on the composition in , but mistakenly remarks that the earliest studies for it date from Katharine Baetjer. Michael Fried. Manet's Modernism: or, The Face of Painting in the s. Chicago, , pp. Julius Kaplan in The Dictionary of Art.

Jane Turner. Dominique Dussol. Bordeaux, , pp. Peter Cooke. Gustave Moreau: Between Epic and Dream. A man of mature age wrestling with the enigma of life," the only picture of the subject marked with a cross to indicate that it has been completed; examines our picture within the context of its sources and other versions of the subject to elucidate Moreau's working methods; observes that the canvas was purchased on October 20, from Ottoz for Fr Patricia Mathews.

Dario Gamboni. Bern, , pp. Nancy Locke. Atsuko Ogane. Tokyo, , pp. Ferrara, , p. Scott C. Guillermo Solana. Madrid, , pp. Budapest, , pp. Laurent Houssais and Marion Lagrange. Pessac, , pp. Melbourne, , pp. Catherine Lampert in Daumier: Visions of Paris. London, , p. New Haven, , pp. III, 38, fig. Katie Larson. Michelle Facos and Thor J. Farnham, England, , pp. Kathryn Calley Galitz. Gloria Groom and Genevieve Westerby.

Chicago, , para. Munich, , p. The Symbolist Vision. Stephanie Hackett. New York, , unpaginated, under no. Old Masters.