What is the difference between pathogen and antigen

Pathogens can also be destroyed through complement reactions by binding complement proteins to the pathogen. Figure 2: Eucalyptus Leaf and Unknown Pathogen. In addition, some pathogens have developed specialized mechanisms for the survival and multiplication inside the host. The signs and symptoms of a disease can arise either by the pathogen or the response of the host.

Antigen: An antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response in the host organism. Pathogen: A pathogen is an agent that can cause diseases or illnesses in the host. Antigen: Antigens can be a molecule on the surface of the pathogen, triggering an immune response.

Antigen: Antigens are can be proteins, polysaccharides, lipids or nucleic acids. Antigen: Antigens can be exogenous antigens, endogenous antigens, autoantigens, or neoantigens. Pathogen: Pathogens can be bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, or parasites.

Antigen and pathogen are two types of immunogens that can trigger an immune response in host organisms. An antigen refers to a substance that triggers an immune response in a host. Antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides or lipids. They are sometimes present on the surface of pathogens that invade the host. This process is called phagocytosis. The third and final line of defence is the immune response. The invading microbe or pathogen is called an antigen.

It is regarded as a threat by the immune system and is capable of stimulating an immune response. Antigens are proteins that are found on the surface of the pathogen. Antigens are unique to that pathogen. The whooping cough bacterium, for example, will have different antigens on its surface from the TB bacterium.

When an antigen enters the body, the immune system produces antibodies against it. Antibodies are always Y-shaped. It is like a battle with the army antibody fighting off the invader antigen. A type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte recognises the antigen as being foreign and produces antibodies that are specific to that antigen.

Each antibody has a unique binding site shape which locks onto the specific shape of the antigen. The antibodies destroy the antigen pathogen which is then engulfed and digested by macrophages. Lyme disease is found throughout the United States and can be found in over 60 other countries. However, the diagnosis of Lyme disease can be a very difficult process. Lyme disease symptoms are highly diverse and appear to mimic many other possible illnesses.

Typical symptoms of Lyme disease include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic rash called erythema migrans. However, if left untreated, the infection can spread to multiple tissues and organs including joints, the heart, and the nervous system, and can require intravenous administration of antibiotics ceftriaxone or penicillin.

As the infection spreads, the ability to manage the symptoms and consequences becomes more complicated. In both classes of MHC, proteins bind peptides which can then present at the cell surface to a T cell to promote an immune response.

MHC class I glycoproteins are present on almost every cell in the body. Their role is to present endogenous or intracellular antigens that originate from cytoplasmic or nuclear origin via proteasome-mediated degradation of proteins that are at the end of their functional lives.

When the foreign protein is degraded, the peptide fragments are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they can bind to MHC I proteins prior to transport to the cell surface, via the Golgi apparatus of the cell. Once the peptide fragments from the foreign protein are localized to the cell surface, the membrane-bound MHC I protein displays the antigen for recognition by cytotoxic T cell lymphocytes. MHC I proteins bound with foreign protein on the cell surface are monitored by killer T cells as part of the surveillance system that identifies and destroys any cell with over-abundant or unfamiliar peptide antigens, such as malignant cells or those harboring viruses.

MHC class II glycoproteins are only present on specialized antigen-presenting immune cells, including macrophages, that engulf foreign particles such as bacteria, dendritic cells that present antigen to T cells, and B cells that produce antibodies. MHC class II proteins present exogenous antigens that originate extracellularly from foreign bodies such as bacteria.

Upon encountering a pathogenic organism, proteins from the pathogen can be degraded into peptide fragments through phagocytosis by the antigen presenting cell, which then sequesters these fragments into the endosome, so they can then bind to MHC class II proteins before being transported to the cell surface. Once at the cell surface, the membrane-bound MHC class II protein displays the antigen for recognition by a different type of T cell, the helper T cell.

The T helper cells are activated upon binding to macrophage or dendritic cell MHC class II antigen, causing the release of lymphokines that attract other cells to the infected area in an attempt to confine and destroy the antigenic material. Additionally, the binding of T helper cells to B cell MHC class II antigen stimulates the development of a clone of antibody-producing cells against the antigenic material.

The primary function of HLA-DR is to present peptide antigens, potentially foreign in origin, to the immune system for the purpose of eliciting or suppressing T-helper cell responses that lead to the production of antibodies against the same peptide antigen. Antigen presenting cells macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells are the cells in which DR are typically found.

Increased abundance of the DR antigen on the cell surface is often in response to stimulation. Read part 4 of the Immune System Series: Autoimmunity. Herbs to Dampen Inflammatory Process. Boswellia, celery seed, ginger, and turmeric are great examples of herbs traditionally used to regulate inflammation and inflammatory conditions. Exercise and heavy training in athletes can increase the production of reactive oxygen species ROS. Antioxidants work to neutralize ROS, Gut health is essential for optimal immune system functioning.

Lifestyle and environmental factors such as diet, hygiene, and exercise impact the Cellular Health and Aging. Centuries of observation and research have led to important advances in understanding the mechanisms of cellular health and aging. MLA 8 , Miguel. Name required. Email required. Please note: comment moderation is enabled and may delay your comment. There is no need to resubmit your comment. Notify me of followup comments via e-mail. Written by : Miguel.

User assumes all risk of use, damage, or injury. You agree that we have no liability for any damages. Summary: 1. An antigen is a molecule that triggers an antibody response.